Posted by: John Elliott | August 25, 2023

India’s lunar landing boosts its image – from initiatives begun in the 1950s

US-led sanctions and frugal engineering spurred space industry

Modi hails a ‘bugle call for a developed India’

Narendra Modi inevitably cashed in on India’s trail-blazing lunar landing by the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft on August 23 with a ten-minute televised speech. No doubt he saw the notable success of India landing the first space­craft on the south pole of the moon as a winner for next year’s general election campaign.

The story behind the triumph however goes back to the scientific policies of the country’s first post-independence government and also, maybe surprisingly, to sanctions imposed by the US after India’s nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998.

Narendra Modi applauds on television as Chandrayaan-3 lands on the moon

Without those factors, the space sector may have drifted with the rest of Indian manufacturing and there might not even be the flourishing private sector start-ups that are developing alongside older companies and the respected public sector India Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Add to that, the country’s world-recognised skills at what is called frugal engineering, which involves making the best of what is available at minimal cost. This was initially recognised in space technology when India became the first country in 2014 to launch, on its first attempt, a low-cost space orbiting mission to Mars.

‘India’s early leaders’

“What Chandrayaan-3 has achieved is the result of the vision put forward by India’s early leaders who believed that the country, though poor and developing, should create and nurture institutions of excellence pursuing the most advanced science and technology,” says Shyam Saran, a former top diplomat and now a noted columnist. “It is these early, far-sighted decisions, followed by the efforts of India’s scientists and technology workers, that have resulted in the success of India’s latest space mission”.

The opposition Congress Party said that Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister, “believed that a critical commitment to science could drive the spirit of development of our newly independent nation”. He gave priority to science and to the involvement of private sector companies that helped, along with the public sector ISRO created in 1972, to build India’s success in space and rocket technology, manufacturing, and delivery.

This was also spurred by  the US and other countries imposing sanctions on high technology imports after the two nuclear tests.

Even before the tests, Indian companies had not been welcomed by the West for participation in strategic programmes because of international worries over leakage of dual-use technologies. America’s space agency (NASA) “would not consider co-operating”, I was told by Jamshyd Godrej, chairman of family-controlled Godrej & Boyce, for a book on India I was writing ten years ago. “We were isolated,” he said, so they had to go it alone.

The private sector had been demonstrating its ability to produce the necessary sophisticated engineering as early as the 1950s and 1960s, said Godrej. That was when his company built aluminium shells and research equipment for India’s first nuclear reactor at Trombay. By the mid-1980s, it was making rocket parts for the country’s space programme, along with Larsen & Toubro, a leading engineering construction company, and others.

The Godrej group and L&T contributed to the Mars mission, as did the Tata group and many smaller companies that have innovated and developed high technology over the years. That has been repeated on Chandrayaan-3, with Godrej for example supplying propulsion engines and satellite thrusters. India’s Business Standard has listed more than ten such companies and there are many more after a boom in space technology start-ups that the NYT reports are attracting substantial venture capital investment.

Contrast with defence

Contrast that with India’s defence industry, where bans on technology imports led not to the development of indigenous technology, but to the Soviet Union, the US, UK, France and other countries conniving with India’s defence establishment to export completed products ranging from fighter jets to night vision goggles. Till recently, as much as 70% of India’s defence orders were bought abroad amid allegations of widespread bribes and corruption. Domestic defence production was stalled while the deals went ahead.

Chandrayaan-3 had a budget of $75m – far lower than those of other countries. ISRO operates on only about $1.5bn a year, while NASA’s budget (for a much larger space programme) is nearly $25bn. In 2014, Modi proudly pointed out that India’s Mars probe cost $74m (similar to this week’s lunar landing), which he said was less than the budget of the Hollywood movie “Gravity.”

Chandrayaan-3’s landing site as clicked by Vikram lander. Photo: ISRO via ANI

These modest India figures stem from frugal engineering plus other factors including vastly lower salaries.

Carlos Ghosn, former head of Renault and Nissan, is credited with bringing the phrase ‘frugal engineering’ to India in 2006. He was about to make a saloon car (which did not materialise) with the Mumbai-based Mahindra group and was impressed that the procurement costs were 15% below budget. “He asked me how we did it and said we must be emulating ‘frugal engineering’,” Anand Mahindra, head of the group, told me.

ISRO also saves fuel with the use of smaller rockets and plotting trajectories that make use of gravity. The Luna 25 Russian lunar spacecraft that crashed two days before the Indian landing, was taking just ten days for its lunar journey because it was using a powerful Soyuz-2 Fregat booster. Chandrayaan 3 took a month and ten days because its launch vehicle Mark-III M4 rocket needed five Earth-bound orbit-raising manoeuvres before entering the Moon orbit.

Celebrations broke out across India – seen here in central Delhi

But there are inevitably calls for bigger funding. “Frugal engineering is not enough, we need powerful rockets and advanced technology,” says K. Sivan, former head of ISRO. “We need bigger rockets and better systems”.

This was India’s second attempt to land a spacecraft on the moon. In 2019, ISRO’s Chandrayaan-2 mission successfully deployed an orbiter but its lander crashed. 

Modi said that the successful launch sounded a “bugle call for a developed India”. He was addressing ISRO’s space centre workers, and the nation, from an international BRICS conference in South Africa ahead of India hosting a G20 summit in Delhi next month. He clearly saw the landing as a major boost for India’s international standing among the countries, including Russia along with China, at BRICS, as well as a boost for the G20 and next year’s election.  

“India’s successful moon mission is not India’s alone,” said Modi. “Our approach of one earth, one family, one future is resonating across the globe…the moon mission is based on the same human centric approach. So, this success belongs to all of humanity,” he added, donning the style of a world leader.

As the Hindu newspaper put it in its splash headline “India lights up the dark side of the moon”.

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Posted in India, India space | Tags: , , , , , , , ,

Posted by: John Elliott | July 25, 2023

Pakistani-born artist has lattice cubes display at London’s Tate Modern

Rasheed Araeen watches as children rearrange his Turbine Hall design

Rebel artist, 88, had to wait till his mid-70s for international recognition

It can’t often happen that an artist watches with pleasure while his work is dismantled by hordes of children who then form their own versions of what he or she has carefully designed as an ordered and meaningful display.

That is what happened to Rasheed Araeen, a controversial veteran British artist of Pakistani origin, in the vast Turbine Hall of London’s Tate Modern last weekend (see bottom photo). Age 88, Araeen told me he had never seen anything like it before, even though the minimalist display, Zero to Infinity, has been through many incarnations since he first created it in 1968.

We were watching from a gallery above the Turbine Hall floor. Araeen was visibly happy that the display of 400 brightly coloured lattice-construction cubes were giving so much constructive pleasure to more than 100 children (right) and a few adults – with more queuing to get access to the floor.

“I’ve done my job and now people can come and make their own work,” he had said at the launch a day earlier. So far more than 1,000 children have played with the display every day.

On a broader front, the display is especially significant because it brings focus to one of the most under-valued – and oldest – living artists from a South Asian background. Born in Karachi, Araeen has been politically controversial for most of his artistic life, which has not endeared him to many private collectors.

His works have tended to finish up more in public collections that realise his significance and feel they need to support ethnic minority artists, rather than on the walls of image-sensitive private buyers – his first private exhibition did not take place till he was 76 when it was staged at a London gallery run by New York-based Aicon that continues to handle his work.

Amazingly, only one of Araeen’s works has ever been auctioned, seemingly because there are not sufficient private owners to generate a secondary market. Small Blue, a 60×25.5×25.5cmpainted steel double cube fetched £18,900 as a charity item at Christie’s in London last October. (One of a series of five, it was donated by the artist and by London’s Grosvenor Gallery that has the rest of the series.)

It’s a long overdue tribute to Araeen that his display is in the iconic Turbine Hall. Tate Modern doesn’t often provide a major space for South Asian origin artists, though it seems to be becoming aware that it should do more for a region of some two million people with many internationally recognised figures. The last big event was a dramatic retrospective of a prominent gay Indian painter, Bhupen Khakhar, in 2016.

Rasheed Araeen being interviewed before the exhibition opened

An installation by India’s Vivan Sundaram is currently on show in one of its remote lower ground floor “tanks. Earlier there have been much smaller Araeen displays, including one in the tanks in 2016, though for many years the Tate resisted his approaches.

But even the Turbine Hall event is more serendipity than planned targeting. On a train to Hastings before the pandemic, Catherine Wood, Tate Modern’s director of programmes, met Janet Hodgson whose husband, Peter Fillingham, has been making Araeen’s sculptures in Hastings for over ten years. They started chatting and Wood remembered that she had admired Araeen’s work at Aicon’s London gallery in 2011. That chance meeting gradually led to what is now in the Turbine Hall.

“Les Condition Postmodern (Anything Goes in Post Modernity)” 1996
Photographs, acrylic paint on plywood panels 72 x 78 in shown in the Grosvenor Gallery’s “63 Years of the Figural” exhibition earlier this month

Araeen is a sculptor, painter, and an installation and video artist. He has also been a political activist and editor. He initially trained as a civil engineer in Pakistan, a background that feeds into his structural displays. In 1964 he moved to London and, discovering the work of the British sculptor Anthony Caro, decided to devote himself full-time to similar work but with symmetrical configurations.

Prajit Dutta of the Aicon gallery says his “pioneering role in minimalist sculpture, represented (in the late 1960s) what was arguably then the only minimalism in Britain.”

When Araeen arrived, he discovered that “racism was everywhere”, including the art world where he and other artists were being turned away by UK galleries. That led him in the mid-1970s to produce a series of political videos and performances, and he became the editor of a campaigning magazine, the Black Phoenix: Third World Perspective on Contemporary Art and Culture magazine. In the mid-1970s, he wrote a long essay that he called ‘Preliminary Notes for a BLACK MANIFESTO’ for the Black Phoenix, as an attack on imperialism and its perpetuation of “international domination”.

Aicon had an exhibition titled Islam and Modernism in New York last November

Perhaps his most controversial work – which did not endear him to any establishment – was Paki Bastard (Portrait of the Artist as a Black Person). Comprising 40 projected images/slides and sound, he produced it in 1977 for an exhibition staged by Artists for Democracy. The Grosvenor, which staged two retrospective exhibitions in London earlier this month of Araeen’s paintings and other works from 1960 to 2023 (priced from £25,000 to £500,00), calls it ” the best known of Araeen’s heavily political pieces” (it has a copy for sale at an undisclosed price).

Paki Bastard consists of a montage of images of Asian immigrants in the east end of London’s famous Brick Lane, mixed with press cuttings on race-related attacks and images of Araeen’s family and his minimalist structures. The soundtrack includes Handel’s Messiah, music from Bollywood films and racist chants by members of the extreme right-wing National Front.

A  breakthrough came in 1989 when London’s Hayward Gallery agreed to show The Other Story, which Araeen curated with an artist friend, Mahmood Jamal. They displayed works by “Asian, African and Caribbean artists living in post war Britain”, most of whom had not been sufficiently recognised.

Rhapsody in Four Colours 2018, coated aluminium 35 metres high at Aga Khan Foundation’s London  offices  

The art is not overtly religious, though religion features heavily. Araeen sees a link between his geometric abstractionism and Islamic art that he explores in Islam and Modernism, a book published last year by the Grosvenor Gallery. Islamic art, he says, “is a prime example of this geometric-based art which existed centuries before the movement in Europe and in many ways influenced the Western School”.

Zero to Infinity is on at the Tate till August 28, timed for the school holidays It’s part of what’s called the Uniqlo-sponsored Tate Play that was launched in 2021. From August 12, there will be an outside installation, Shamiyaana IV (Food for Thought: Thought for Change), comprising four colourful gazebos with tables and chairs for people to sit, eat and talk.

Meanwhile Fillingham is at the Tate mending cubes that children have broken and devising ways to make them stronger

In conversation, Rasheed frequently refers to his lack of recognition and acceptability down the years, though that is changing. In the past decade, he has had retrospectives in cities ranging from Lima, San Paolo and Sharjah to Venice, Geneva and Moscow. And he will surely always remember sitting in the Turbine Hall gallery last Saturday (below) watching the children play with his creation.

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Posted in Contemporary art, Pakistan, Pakistani art, South Asia art | Tags: , , , , , , , ,

Posted by: John Elliott | June 20, 2023

Former Pakistan officials despair over past failures and future prospects

Pakistan’s “failed project 1947” on display at London literature festival

Government criticised for failing to build good relations with IMF

The depths of despondency and unhappiness in Pakistan about its failure to emerge as a successful nation after 75 years of independence were dramatically evident in London over the weekend when former top former government officials and others spoke out about the country’s current serious economic and political crises.

“The first thing we have to admit is that we have failed,” declared Shabbar Zaidi, a former chair of the Federal Board of Revenue and a partner at PwC Pakistan. “The project Pakistan launched in 1947 has not given the desired results”.

“Why have we lost so much hope that we cannot address this crisis?” asked Reza Bakir, a former governor of State Bank of Pakistan.

With other former senior officials, they were speaking at a session on the country’s economic crisis at a Pakistan Literature Festival in London’s Conway Hall on June 17. The audience of several hundred applauded loudly, especially when allusions were made to the negative role of Pakistan’s army in the running of the country.

That perhaps was not surprising because a diaspora is often highly critical of faults in its original country. What was remarkable was the outspoken criticisms from the speakers and others who live in Pakistan and maybe felt more free to speak out when abroad. 

At a time when Pakistan is heading to a possible financial default, Bakir criticised the government’s failure to work constructively with the International Monetary Fund on a bale out. ”We cannot antagonise the people whose generosity we need. But it looks like that is not where it is headed,” he said. 

“I am concerned because our relationship with the international financial community has not improved over the past few months…..The deterioration comes both in terms of substance and in terms of communications…..If we want to avoid default, we have to have a constructive relationship with those who may be there to give us a bit more breathing room, but that it looks like that is not there and we are just hurting ourselves”.

China, Pakistan’s close ally, was not mentioned in the discussion but, it emerged over the weekend, is giving a $1bn support package.

The festival’s despair was not just focussed on the economy but also ranged across politics, including the Pakistan army withdrawing support for Imran Khan, the popular cricketer-turned-populist politician who it earlier created as prime minister.

Sessions began with “Pakistan at the zero point” and followed with “Pakistan, the fault is not in our stars but in ourselves”. At the end came “The root causes of Pakistan’s economic crisis and how to address them”, though during the day there were sessions on education (also partly a problem) and most positive ones on poetry, literature, drama, music, dance.

from the left, Zafar Masud, Shabbar Zaidi, Ishrat Husain, Raza Baqir, Nadir Cheema (moderator)

“Our purpose is to project the real image of Pakistan and generate and stimulate debates on the issues facing us,” says Ameena Saiyid, the organiser and a publisher who also runs the annual Karachi literature festival. “We want to project a real picture, not a fake one which shows Pakistan as a terrorist country, nor one that says that all is well”. The sessions, she said, “reflect the current state of affairs in Pakistan – our purpose is to acknowledge that so we can then debate and look for solutions rather than go into denial”. 

Pakistan’s economic crisis is centred on $1.2bn aid due from the IMF in October last year as part of an extended fund facility’s ninth review. That tranche has not materialised because Pakistan has not met the IMF’s stipulations on economic policy. Chances are fading for the revival of the current $6.5bn IMF programme before it expires on June 30, with $2.6bn not paid.

Throughout the day, the army’s role in running and removing governments was, as one speaker put it, “the elephant in the room that is not in the room”. When someone asked whether “the army is a strain on enterprises making profits”, loud applause turned to laughter with the brief non-reply – “I have to go back to Pakistan after this”.

The day began with a predictable attack from Tariq Ali, the 79-year old British-Pakistani leftist and political activist, who complained that “the elite have run the country as a fiefdom”. Elections “don’t really matter” because the army was in control.

Ishrat Husain, the State Bank governor 20 years ago and an adviser on economic reforms to Imran Khan, forcefully, argued that Pakistan’s economic failures stemmed from “political instability that results from interventions by forces that don’t have to follow the constitutional role”. That was a reference to the army and maybe also to the supreme court that plays a significant political role.

Husain was implicitly criticising the army for scuppering economic reforms by removing prime ministers and governments before their terms had expired. Unlike India and Bangladesh, he said, where economic reforms had been continued by successive governments for decades, those in Pakistan were not completed and IMF support packages collapsed. Out of 24 IMF packages between 1988 and 2020 only four had been completed. “On 18, we drew the first tranche and said ‘bye bye, we are not going to do the reforms'”.

Shabbar Zaidi accused both the army and political parties of “never wanting to improve proper taxation system for the real estate sector”. Referring to his time as chair of the revenue board, he said “I was asked to reduce real estate valuations after I raised them”.

Solutions proposed by speakers included slashing subsidies for all but the poorest people and exporters and cutting back on defence spending that had been not less than 4% of GDP for most of the past 75 years. Positive encouragement was needed for manufacturing and for businesses that import and export, adding value as part of international production chains.

Raza Baqir said that three sets of partners should be encouraged to help – the domestic business community, overseas Pakistanis as investors, and the international finance.

In the “Fault is not in our stars but in ourselves” session, Azhar Abbas, the ceo of Geo News (tv), said “Our elite captures the system in a way that it is suffocating”. Amin Hashwani, part of a prominent business family and a social campaigner, thought a major problem was that “as a society we have stopped questioning” how the country was run. Political parties were supposed to be business friendly but were “more like the Sicilian mafia where an entire family is at the head of things”.

Foreign affairs and the influence of major powers were not discussed, but it seems that Pakistan is more alone and adrift than it has been in the past.

Relations with the US have not been consistent over the years and are now far from strong or positive. Washington has other priorities and is more concerned with building relations with India as a buffer with China than influencing Pakistan – prime minister Narendra Modi is on a state visit to the US later this week. (This was debated in a Democracy Forum online seminar yesterday [June 19] where two speakers said the US did not have sufficient “bandwidth” to help.)

Perhaps surprisingly, for Beijing, it seems that Pakistan is no longer primary or secondary in its priorities, but it does want stability with the military on side, and it also wants to rescue what it can from the the debt-ridden branch of its Belt and Road Initiative designed to run through Pakistan.

A general election is due later this year which will, it seems, probably return the ruling Sharif dynasty’s PML-N party to power on its own or in coalition with the Bhutto dynasty’s PPP, and with Imran Khan kept out of the action by the army that is dismembering its organisation.

Without any strong and experienced outside influence apparently being available to generate major changes, the prospects for a new era of success that will restore confidence in the 1947 Project Pakistan look remote.

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Posted by: John Elliott | May 6, 2023

Britain celebrates as King Charles is crowned

Discontent in the Commonwealth and some say “Not our King”

Monarchy’s survival helped by negative idea of a politician president

The future of the British monarchy has dominated public debate in the UK during the run-up to today’s coronation of 74-year old King Charles III. Opinion polls indicate that popular support is waning and that the idea of dynastic succession is out of tune with the times.

Demonstrations with the slogan “Not My King”, have appeared at the King’s public events and there are rumblings of discontent in the Commonwealth, neither of which would have been so blatant when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, was alive. 

King Charles and Queen Camilla

That is offset by the tens of thousands of people swarming this past week around Buckingham Palace and the Mall, and lining today’s ceremonial route from the palace to Westminster Abbey where Charles will be crowned sitting in the Coronation Chair that dates back to 1308.

Reports suggest that tomorrow (May 7) there will be more than 3,000 street party celebrations across the country, complete with masses of red, white and blue bunting and flags.

“If you stage a coronation and nobody comes out to cheer, that’s like a defeat . . . If the streets are overflowing and people watch it, that’s the crucial popular endorsement,” Robert Lacey, a royal biographer and consultant historian for the Netflix series The Crown told the FT.  “People are much fonder of King Charles III than they were of Prince Charles,” he added, reflecting the way the king has taken on the role, mixing easily with crowds but maintaining a sense of dignity and commitment.

Charles’ suitability to be the King has been in doubt for decades and, until very recently, there was speculation that he should let his son William become King instead. He has been criticised for his affair with Camilla, now his wife, while he was married to Diana who was killed in a car crash, and resentment that Camilla will today be crowned as queen.

That is now in the past and he is accepted, even though he has said that, at the age of 20, his realisation that he would be king was “something that dawns on you with the most ghastly inexorable sense”.

Private Eye’s souvenir issue

His predecessors were little keener. King Edward VIII, who abdicated to marry an American divorcee in the 1930s, described kingship as “an occupation of considerable drudgery”. His brother and successor, King George VI, awoke on the morning of his coronation with “a sinking feeling”.

Opinion polls are showing declining support for the monarchy, especially among the young, though Charles’s own approval ratings have risen by five points to 55% (the Queen’s was 75%). Data on British social attitudes shows a majority of the public support the institution at just over 60%, but those seeing it as “very important” has dropped to a 29% low point, with 25% identifying themselves as anti-monarchy republicans.

The young are far less keen than their elders with only 36% wanting to keep the monarchy compared to 40% who want to have an elected head of state. Among over-65s, its 79% in favour against 15%. Ethnic minority Britons are evenly split with 38% in favour and 39% against.

King Charles is taking on three primary responsibilities. The coronation ceremony makes him both the sovereign for the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland and the supreme governor of the Church of England. He has also inherited the role of head of the Commonwealth from his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, who fixed the succession at the organisation’s bienniel “Chogm” conference in London in 2018.

The future of all three roles is uncertain. The sovereignty looks the most vulnerable, but is probably safe for the foreseeable future because a change would raise questions about Britain’s unwritten constitution that could prove insurmountable in the country’s current state of social and political change. Maintaining it means that the country has stability at the top, and also avoids the horrors of giving the job to a politician.

Taken together these factors could put off any dramatic change till the King’s son, Prince William now 40, takes over. But the monarchy seems unlikely to survive in anything like its current form till the king’s grandson, nine-year old Prince George, comes into play.

How all this pans out will substantially depend on how successfully Charles slims down the sprawling and expensive monarchy, removing the sense of dynastically inherited privilege and making them seem relevant.

He is expected to allocate active roles to only about eight members of the family as “working Royals”, pushing the others into the background. Included among those absent from the active list will be his younger son, the disruptive Los Angeles-based Prince Harry, and his brother Prince Andrew whose private life has scandalised public opinion.

The Commonwealth role looks the most likely to change. Prince William, the heir to the throne, has indicated that he does not expect automatically to inherit the head role and there is sufficient groundswell among the 56 member states to make it unlikely that he will do so. (There were some leaders at the 2018 Chogm who did not want Charles to take over from the Queen, but Narendra Modi, the Indian prime minister, and others pushed his case – the two men had bonded over issues such a climate change and the environment at a private dinner in Delhi a few months earlier).

The King is head of state for 14 member countries, known as Commonwealth Realms, in addition to Britain. The rest of the 56 have declared themselves as republics or have their own monarchies. Research for the Daily Mail has found that six of the 14 realms – Australia, Canada, the Bahamas, Jamaica, the Solomon Islands, and Antigua and Barbuda – would vote to ditch the monarchy if referendums were organised.

A Daily Mail montage of the complete royal clan with those out of favour or who won’t make the list of “working Royals” at the back in shades of grey

Losing the head of state role in the realms will be widely reported as a disaster for the monarchy, but it need not be if the somnolent and badly led Commonwealth develops into a more constructive and participative international organisation. Countries such as India, which is a substantial provider of funds, would play bigger roles if the aims were clearer, and if the leadership was not centralised in the status-conscious London headquarters.

Compounding the problems, campaigners for republican and reparations movements in 12 countries have written a letter titled “apology, reparation, and repatriation of artefacts and remains”. This has been signed by representatives of Antigua and Barbuda, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. “We, the undersigned, call on the British Monarch, King Charles III, on the date of his coronation being May 6, 2023, to acknowledge the horrific impacts on and legacy of genocide and colonisation of the Indigenous and enslaved peoples”, says the letter.

The third responsibility, as head of the Church of England, will probably continue, though there will be criticism that Charles has this role in a country that is becoming increasingly multi-cultural. The dominating role of Christianity in the coronation service has been offset by including the heads of other churches and religions and giving them a role.

So far everything seems to have gone well, though there have been protests about heavy police security and tough new laws restricting the right to protest.

The only serious glitch has been the announcement of an invitation that will be issued during the service by the archbishop of Canterbury, who will be presiding. He will invite people watching or listening to broadcasts to join “a chorus of millions” swearing allegiance to the King in a “homage of the people”. This has never happened before and replaces a dynastic line of dukes and duchesses lining up to pledge their loyalty to the king,

The intention was no doubt good but it has been criticised. “Surely he should be pledging allegiance to us,” someone said on a television panel session two days ago.

But despite that, the coronation has energised the country into a party spirit. It has led to the arrival of thousands of tourists and it has boosted sales for businesses.

You don’t need to be a committed royalist to accept that, after the horrors of Brexit and Covid and the years of political mayhem wrought by Boris Johnson and then Liz Truss, a coronation of a member of the family that is always there is worth celebrating.

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Posted by: John Elliott | April 28, 2023

Hawksley’s Japan-based nuclear thriller matches an FT North Korea oil scoop

Japan’s Yakuza gang wants to nuke disputed islands held by Russia

FT tracked “Tri­ads, ghost ships and under­ground banks” on N Korea

BOOK REVIEW – Ice Islands by Humphrey Hawksley, Severn House (Canongate Books), Edinburgh 2022

Humphrey Hawksley’s diplo thrillers, centred around the wild escapades of Major Rake Ozenna of the elite Eskimo Scouts, always stretch one’s incredulity as this junior James Bond character careers around the world. Sometimes he is a killer for a top Washington DC sleuth and sometimes he is rescuing women in crisis, but he always has a cause that is usually rooted in diplomatically sensitive remote islands like those in Alaska’s Bering Strait where Ozenna comes from.

In Ice Islands, the mistakenly-titled fourth and latest book in the Ozenna series, our hero is acting on behalf of the US as he tries, not quite single-handedly, to stop a Japanese Yakuza criminal gang exploding a nuclear device on the Kuril Islands in Russia’s far east.

The Soviet Union seized the islands in 1945 from Japan, which calls them the Northern Territories and wants them back. In Ice Islands, Japan’s prime minister bows publicly to the aged leader of the family-controlled Yakuza gang a few days before its planned nuclear strike, thus displaying his support for the gang’s reassertion of Japan’s military might and recovery of its lost territory, plus a possible end to its alliance with the US.

Hawksley’s plot is therefore soundly based. Japan going nuclear is an active current debate, but Ozenna’s drama-clad and often erratic adventures always look almost a stretch too far for the real world, thrilling and entertaining though they always are.

I was feeling that once again as I got to a crunch point half way through Ice Islands, but just at that moment the Financial Times endorsed the idea of such an unthinkable plot with a report on North Korea’s oil smug­gling.

A mammoth expose of “North Korea and the triads: gangsters, ghost ships and spies” appeared in the newspaper and on line on March 30 with a Hawksley style cast – a convicted gambling tycoon, a Hong Kong gold trader, and a racing car driver from Macau along with Chinese criminal groups, North Korean oil interests and intelligence operations.

“Tri­ads, ghost ships and under­ground banks: an invest­ig­a­tion shows how regional busi­ness fig­ures linked to organ­ised crime have helped facil­it­ate illi­cit deliv­er­ies of hun­dreds of thou­sands of bar­rels” to North Korea, said the FT.

This was the result of a long-running research collaboration with the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI), a revered London think-tank located in Whitehall that was founded by the Duke of Wellington in 1831. The cast they revealed were behind a network that helped to sustain North Korea’s military and nuclear weapons programme.

The story has been building for years. Back in 2017, the US Treasury imposed sanctions on Bank of Dandong, a small Chinese bank that had assets of $10.66bn, accusing it of facilitating millions of dollars in transactions for companies involved in North Korea’s weapons programme, the FT reported in a follow-up story.

What the reports (and a video version) have not of course told us is what the world’s intelligence agencies are doing deep in Hawksley-type undergrowth to interrupt the flow of oil. Imagine the novel that could be written around governments, secret service agents, business tycoons and rival international gangs from China, Russia, Iran, the US, UK and elsewhere meddling with North Korea in that pot.

Hawksley was a BBC career foreign correspondent before he began as a novelist in the late 1990s. Dragon Strike and Dragon Fire came first with conflicts in Asia including a nuclear war triggered by a Chinese strike on Mumbai.

Other novels followed, leading to the launch of the Ozenna series in 2018 with Man on Ice based on Russian invasion of Rake’s Alaskan island home, Man on Edge involving naval secrets on the Norway-Russian border, and Man on Fire with an electro-magnetic pulse attack over Europe.

Ice Islands matches the Dragon titles because it deals with a major international issue. “Japan could have a nuclear weapon in a very short time,” says Hawksley, who I have known as a fellow-journalist for over 30 years. “The Trump presidency reinforced a view that it needs to have complete control of its defence and no longer rely on America. The push to change its pacifist constitution naturally ends with Japan as a nuclear-weapons state”.

The Kuril Islands issue is also live. The US said a year ago it backs Japan’s claim to the sovereignty, and Russia has been installing missile defence systems on the islands over the past two years.

In Ice Islands, a new inexperienced US president initially refuses to believe Ozenna’s Washington DC boss about the Yakuza gangland plan for a nuclear strike. Eventually he comes round, just in time for a Bond-style ending when, inevitably, good broadly prevails.

That’s a bland summary of the kernel of the plot which weaves much more violently through the 250 pages. Inevitably, Ozenna’s co-star is a troubled woman, part of the gangland family but appalled by its killings that begin the book. She is at a small peace conference on Aland Island in Finland’s Baltic Sea where the secret son of Russia’s leader is assassinated, and she’s centre stage with a risky future at the end. In between, she and Ozenna waver on their mutual attraction.

The only connection between the plot and any ice islands is the location of the peace conference. That does Hawksley no favours because it does not include the “Man” title of the first three Ozenna books. It is also irrelevant to the main plot, which is about the disputed Kuril islands – they also appear in the latest Bond movie – and Japan going nuclear.

Perhaps we could have a sequel with a title that better describes the plot – maybe bringing in North Korean oil as well as China, and testing how Vladimir Putin would react if his islands were hit in a nuclear attack while he is still preoccupied with Ukraine.

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Posted by: John Elliott | February 25, 2023

Strong sales at Pundole auction and India Art Fair

Gond tribal art by Jangarh Singh Shyam hits record high

Work just painted by 97-year old Krishen Khanna sold in art fair

Sales of Indian modern art are hitting new highs in the wake of the pandemic. A $16.34m auction at Mumbai-based Pundole on February 23 produced record prices for several artists. A couple of weeks earlier, the annual India Art Fair in New Delhi that yielded substantial sales with virtually all galleries reportin substantial results for the second year running.

The most surprising record at the Pundole auction was a Rs 65 lakhs hammer price (just over $91,000 including buyer’s premium) for a Gond tribal canvas (above) by Jangarh Singh Shyam, probably India’s leading Adivasi artist.

Painted in 2017, a few months before he died, the 27in x 40in serigraphy and acrylic work depicts a traditional scene of Lord Krishna dancing with his gopi (follower), surrounded by a popular Gond rendering of brightly coloured animals, birds and trees. The artist’s previous record of $31,250 was at Sothebys in 2010.

There has been some interest in Shyam’s work in the intervening years and a renewal of interest in tribal art with acquisitions by International institutions such as the Guggenheim and the Chicago Cultural Institute, among others, says Rob Dean, a director of Pundole auctions. This has encouraged a new group of Indian collectors.

Among other records set in the auction was for one for a very different style and age – a 28in x 20in oil on canvas by Raja Ravi Varma (right), which sold for Rs38 crore ($5.3m including premium). A second work by the same artist went for Rs16 crore. The previous Varma record of Rs20 crore ($2.99m) was set in 2016, also at a Pundole auction.

Varma, who died in 1906, sought commissions from the rich and powerful in colonial India. He now has a steady flow of buyers who go for his colourful and grand mix of European artistic styles and Indian life.

The unsung hero of the India Art Fair was Krishen Khanna, a leading veteran Indian artist in the ‘modern’ style. Now in his 98th year, Khanna had a new work (below) in his iconic Bandwalas series that he had painted over the previous month in his home outside Delhi, working on the 36in x 24 in canvas for two hours a day.

Krishen Khanna’s son Karan with the “Bandwalas in a Truck”

Shown on London’s Grosvenor Gallery stand, “Bandwalas in a Truck” sold quickly on the preview day for Rs45 lakhs ($54,450), marking a triumph for the only surviving and active member of the famous Progressive Artists Group that began in Bombay in the mid-1900s and still dominates South Asian auctions.

The fair, with 71 galleries, was generally voted the best of the series of 14 annual events that began in 2009 when it was spun off from a public relations firm. Initially called an Art Summit, it was located at Delhi’s old Pragati Maidan exhibition grounds in a brutalist building with a leaky roof that had to be sealed, a far cry its current smart professional tents at south Delhi exhibition grounds.

“Ineffable” by Viraj Khanna sold for Rs13 lakhs ($15,700) on the Tao Gallery stand, one of several textile works at the art fair

There were fewer international galleries than before the pandemic – eight compared with a record of 16 – partly because of economies and cutbacks on regional fairs. Delhi is still building a reputation as a place for galleries from outside South Asia to sell both their own Indian artists as well as foreign names.

One that returned after missing a few years was Paris-based Galleria Continua. Maurizio Rigillo, one of the founders, told me “we are happy with coming back”. The gallery reported individual sales from $5,000 to nearly $900,000 by leading Indian artists including UK-based Anish Kapoor with one of his trademark red concave mirrors that was said to have been sold for $750,000.

A 30ft high acrylic on canvas by M.F.,Husain on the Crayon Art stand depicting the Ramayana epic, with a figure resembling Husain – rumoured to be priced at $3.5m but unsold

Most galleries reported substantial sales on the preview day. Among those from India that did well was Delhi-based Vadehra, which sold a five-part artwork by Rameshwar Broota for $ 200,000 to a private UK collection and two works by Balkrishna Doshi for $100,000 to the Kiran Nadar Museum of Art. “We are very happy” said Parul Vadehra. Another leading Delhi gallery, Nature Morte, sold a work by Tanya Goel for over $60,600 but failed to find a buyer for an aggressive looking glass and brass wall sculpture by Subodh Gupta.

The fair organisers stopped revealing total sales figures and the number of footfalls a few years ago, but Jaya Asokan, the fair director, told me that there were 2,000 to 3,000 more visitors on the first two days than previously. There were not significant numbers of foreign buyers though there were curators and managers from the Venice Biennale, Sao Paulo, the London Tate, the Oxford Ashmolean and elsewhere.

There was little sign of much interest in crypto currencies’ non-fungible tokens, recently the rage, though the blockchain Tezos was giving away 3,200 NFTs as part of a “computational convergence” presentation showing where art and technology meet.

Asokan makes the point that India is “a self-sustaining market” with younger as well as established artists and buyers. She put the range of individual sales as Rs50,000 ($605) to over Rs7 core ($850,000).

This showed that, while auction houses specialising in Indian art are finding it difficult to maintain a strong flow of top lots ranging up to the current record auction price of $6.44m, there is considerable demand for works from new buyers at lower levels, as well as established collectors.

“Alien Sphere” – part of a series by Jayashree Chakravarty on the Akar Prakar stand. Made of Nepali and other papers, cotton fabric, seeds, jute, acrylic paints, tea stain and more – unsold but museums in London and Paris showed interest. A 192in x 72in oil, acrylic, cotton, tea stain, grass, seeds, roots, jute and synthetic glue on canvas, Rajbari, by the same artist sold for Rs1.3 crore .

Explaining the lack of readily available top auction lots, one specialist told me, “Works at the top levels go into collections and don’t re-sell so go out of the market”.

The current $6.44m (including buyer’s premium) record was paid for a work by V.S.Gaitonde, one of the most sought after Progressives, in a Mumbai-based Pundole auction a year ago. Pundole is perhaps the most respected Indian auction house and yesterday’s results shows that it has pulling power.

Saffronart, the Mumbai-based market leader, has an auction on March 16 where the highest estimate is Rs32 crore ($3.95m) for a Gaitonde oil on canvas, but the next highest is only Rs7 crore ($850,000).

Sotheby’s and Christie’s appear to be lagging behind at their New York auctions later next month with top estimates of $1m-1.5m – Sotheby’s for an M.F.Husain work and Christie’s for one by Manjit Bawa.

But there can be surprises, and fresh trends as has been shown with the growing interest and visibility of tribal art, plus artists like Manjit Bawa and others attracting growing attention.

 

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Posted by: John Elliott | February 18, 2023

Modi challenged on media freedom and crony capitalism

Raids on BBC offices lead to allegations of tax evasion

Modi’s friend Gautam Adani aims for investor confidence recovery

It didn’t start as a good week for Narendra Modi’s image. India’s proud and autocratic prime minister is seeking controversy-free respect internationally at a time when India is heading the G20 group of leading nations with a Delhi summit in September.

Instead, two events undermined both the government’s denial that it curbs press freedom and its claims that corruption, including crony capitalism, has been curbed.

On February 14, Modi scored what looked like the biggest own-goal of his prime ministership when a three-day raid by tax authorities – euphemistically called a “survey” – began on the BBC’s offices in Delhi and Mumbai. The raids are seen as retaliation for a two-part BBC series, “India: The Modi Question” broadcast last month, which focussed on maltreatment of Muslims under Modi’s rule, first as Gujarat state chief minister and then prime minister.

The raids were the latest of a series of attacks on media that do not toe the government line. Computers and mobile phones were seized and the BBC said that some staff “faced lengthy questioning” and were “required to stay overnight” in their offices.

At the same time, a corporate scandal surrounding the massive business empire built while Modi has been in power by Gautam Adani, a close ally and supporter and one of Asia’s richest men, has continued to unfold. This has followed a US “short seller” financial research firm’s allegations, which are denied, of massive debt linked to stock manipulation and fraud.

George Soros, the 92-year-old financier who has criticised Modi in the past, said yesterday that Adani’s troubles would “significantly weaken Modi’s stranglehold on India’s federal government” by “opening the door” to a democratic revival in the country. That led to a furious reaction from government ministers because Soros was in effect forecasting that an Adani-linked corruption scandal would unseat Modi’s BJP government at next year’s general election.

But the week has not turned out so disastrously for Modi.

Yesterday (Feb 17) the finance ministry announced that it had found tax discrepancies at an unnamed media house, clearly the BBC. A ministry statement said that declared income and profits were “not commensurate with the scale of operations in India”. The findings “indicate that tax has not been paid on certain remittances which have not been disclosed as income in India by the foreign entities of the group”. That turned what looked like a revenge attack into a tax-dodging case, though it is not yet possible to assess the validity of the charge.

Many foreign companies in India have for decades faced allegations of transfer pricing and it looks as if the BBC, which says it is co-operating with the inquiries, is in for lengthy harassment by the tax authorities, watched over by Modi and his powerful home minister Amit Shah.

Defending the raids, a BJP spokesperson said earlier this week that the BBC “has become the most ‘Bhrasht Bakwaas (corrupt and rubbish) corporation” and alleged that it had a history of working with “malice against India”.

Other politicians have linked the BBC films and the Adani scandal, along with the Soros comments, as evidence of a co-ordinated attack on Modi and his government, possibly embracing the opposition Congress Party where Soros is reported to have connections.

That looks far-fetched, especially over the BBC series, which I have heard was commissioned more than two years ago after an editorial meeting decided that it was “time we did something on Modi”.

Interviewing had started by September 2021 and continued into last year. The series then took an unusually long time to appear on tv screens and were only broadcast in the UK – subsequent viewing in India and elsewhere was mostly on YouTube, which the government tried noisily to block and instead increased public and media attention and viewing demands.

Modi and Shah probably calculated that the BBC raids would matter little after an initial flurry of headlines in India and in the foreign media.

They were right to the extent that, respected though the BBC has been in India for decades, the raids will have been scarcely noticed away from the political and liberal bubble of Delhi and other leading centres.

There has been little public criticism by foreign governments. Anxious not to confront Modi, a US spokesman merely repeated support for a free press, while the UK dodged the issue. There will inevitably be many in these and other countries who are appalled by attacks on the media, but there will be no lasting damage to diplomatic relationships.

Tax raids have been used by many Indian governments to threaten opponents and others who have fallen from favour. Under the Modi government however they have become more sinister because they are frequently aimed at curbing media freedom.

BBC’s past troubles

The BBC has been in trouble before, though it has never been raided. It had to shut its operations first between 1970 and 1972 after it broadcast two negative documentaries, and again in 1975 when Mark Tully, its widely respected correspondent, was expelled along with other media reporters during prime minister Indira Gandhi’s two-year State of Emergency.

In 2017, the BBC was banned from filming in India’s national wildlife parks for five years after a film on Kaziranga reserve in Assam, famed for having the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceroses, was condemned for doing “irreparable damage to India’s reputation”.

After the recent BBC series, I have heard that the government suspended approval of at least two documentaries. It wasn’t clear that much more would be done unless the BBC broadcast anything else controversial. “The BBC will be closely watched,” a government official told me three weeks ago, albeit without indicating that would include tax issues as well as broadcasts.

Adani scandal

The scandal surrounding Gautam Adani has been an accident waiting to happen for years. Adani comes from Modi’s home state of Gujarat and has been supporting his political friend for decades. A first generation entrepreneur, he began importing polymers in the 1980s and expanded into coal.

The business began to develop when Modi became Gujarat chief minister in 2002 and has grown exponentially since he became prime minister – in the past five years, it has risen in value by 2,500% with dominant positions in ports, airports, electricity coal, and growing stakes in areas ranging from defence equipment manufacture to solar energy and farming. A leading television channel (NDTV) was bought last year – allegedly to quieten the channel’s criticism of the Modi government. Net worth touched $127bn before the report led to a crash and a $120bn decline in market value.

Ministers insist, that the growth has been achieved legitimately with tendered contracts and without any favouritism. That is not seen as credible, though it is not unusual for those close to friendly politicians to benefit when they are in power, both nationally and in individual states. The difference with Adani is the astronomic speed of his expansion and the lack of any attempt to distance himself from Modi.

Crony capitalism is widely condemned, but it is tolerated as part of daily life at all levels of the Indian economy. Adani’s closeness to Modi could however pose the sort of problems for the prime minister forecast by Soros if fresh links emerge later this year of specific major corruption.

Media focus

Inquiries looking for such links will probably focus attention abroad, including Australia where Adani has controversial coal mines, and on defence equipment ventures. Foreign reports alleging corruption have in the past fuelled media coverage in India. The FT in particular, which has been reporting on Adani daily, has a track record of relentlessly pursuing high profile suspect companies.

Forbes has reported on Vinod Adani, the low-profile elder brother of Gautam Adani, who it says had a leading role in the group’s growth with an alleged web of companies in offshore territories that have apparently not been disclosed to regulatory authorities.

Adani has been fighting back this week in order to stem the slide in company shares and rebuild investor confidence. He is reported to have halved the group’s 40% annual revenue growth target, delaying fresh capital expenditure, and to have told advisers he plans to improve oversight of the private family companies that control his business empire. A financial controller would be appointed to bring the sort of oversight required in publicly quoted companies to his various trusts and privately held businesses. Few of his companies are scrutinised by stock market analysts and those in India are wary of being overly critical.

Because of his exclusive Modi link, it has been assumed that Adani would thrive while his patron was in power but that he would become vulnerable when Modi eventually went.

The Hindenburg report has accelerated that process and the question now is whether Adani can overcome the crisis – and, if he can’t, at what point Modi will decide that he has to desert his friend in order to survive politically.

With the BBC raids unearthing tax allegations, and with Adani making positive moves on investor confidence, the week has finished better for Modi than seemed likely. But there are more than 50 weeks till the general election!

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Posted by: John Elliott | January 28, 2023

BBC series on Modi leads to police action on students

“India: The Modi Question” reopens old wounds with little new information

Hits at Modi just as his profile grows with India’s G20 presidency

It wasn’t supposed to be like this. 2023 was to be the year that India’s prime minister Narendra Modi would flourish on the world stage as the head of the G20 group of nations, eclipsing criticisms of his authoritarian rule and sailing on as an international statesman to his third general election victory next year.

The election win for his Bharatiya Janata Party looks safe, for now at least, but the prime minister’s international image during India’s current presidency of the G20 has been hit by the BBC’s horrific new two-part tv series, “India: The Modi Question”, that focused on treatment of Muslims. That has been exacerbated by the government’s attempts to stop screenings of the two one-hour documentaries,.

There have been daily reports this past week of escalating and excessive police activity and arrests in universities across the country to stop students tuning in.

The irony is that international media and tv reports of this action have graphically underlined some of what the series depicted about Modi’s authoritarian rule since he was chief minister of Gujarat in 2002 and then became prime minister in 2014.

The power was cut off earlier this week in Delhi’s Jawaharlal Nehru University, allegedly to prevent students from screening the series . Action was also taken in three other of the capital’s universities where police used security legislation to ban gatherings of more than four people. The documentary was screened in Kerala by the Congress Party and by students in Hyderabad and Kolkata.

Initially, after the first BBC episode was aired on January 17, it seemed that the government wanted to avoid high profile diplomatic and other confrontations. A spokesman dismissed the episode as “a propaganda piece designed to push a particular discredited narrative,” adding: “The bias, the lack of objectivity, and a continuing colonial mindset, is blatantly visible”.

The government got the film, which the BBC tactfully did not broadcast in India, removed from Twitter and Youtube but then the universities and police created the ongoing crisis.

Modi rejecting questions from BBC correspondent Jill McGivering in 2002, saying they were based on “false propaganda” and adding “You British should not preach us human rights”

The big unanswered question is why the BBC ran the series without any news peg, raking up well trodden facts and allegations with little new and little reasoned analysis – it could have explored other negative aspects of Modi’s rule in relation to Muslims, and it could have at least mentioned positives in terms of economic and other developmental reforms.

Instead it mainly relied on old television footage plus powerful interviews with victims of violence and police harassment, and their relatives.

There is also a series of rebuttals of all allegations by an erudite Modi-supporting Anglophile, Swapan Dasgupta. A widely respected journalist-cum-BJP politician, Dasgupta this week said the BBC had “undermined Indian constitutions” so the government had to act. There was “an ecosystem in the West that works to undermine the Modi government, and the BBC documentary is a part of that.”

Godhra riots

The first episode covered the riots in the Gujarati town of Godhra, which erupted in February 2002 after a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was set on fire, allegedly by Muslims, killing 59 people.

Modi was accused of ordering the police not to stop the riots as Hindu mobs attacked Muslims, beating them to death and burning their homes. Figures of the dead vary, totalling maybe 1,000 or even as many as 2,000. The BBC film included accusations – and denials – that Modi met police chiefs to tell them not to act.

Questions and disputes about Modi’s alleged complicity in the riots as chief minister have generated controversy for the past 21 years. A series of court cases culminated in the Supreme Court last June dismissing an eight-year old appeal against a 2012 closure report clearing Modi that had been filed by a special investigating team. This was widely seen as closing the issue – till the BBC series appeared.

The second episode covered the time since Modi became prime minister and showed scenes of extreme police brutality against Muslims, together with lynchings over bans on cow slaughter, the government’s changes to the constitutional status of Muslim-dominated Kashmir with internet shutdowns and mass arrests, and communal violence in Delhi over citizenship rights legislation.

The main aim was clearly to blame Modi for action against Muslims, but the horrific scenes also harmed India’s international reputation with repeated images of the sort of police violence that has been commonplace for decades.

Extract from the High Commission report saying “Modi is directly responsible” – from “TheCaravan“

The only new item in the series was an unpublished secret 2002 report by the British High Commission (embassy) in Delhi for the Foreign Office in London. This found Modi “directly responsible” for what it described as a “systematic campaign of violence” by Hindus against Muslims “that has all the hallmarks of ethnic cleansing” (.

This was backed up by Jack Straw, who was the Labour government’s foreign secretary at the time. He ordered the report and says on the BBC that it was “obviously a stain on his [Modi’s] reputation. There is no way out of that.” Straw’s Lancashire constituency had a large Muslim electorate which may, an anonymous BBC source told India’s Telegraph newspaper, have influenced him.

Jack Straw on Modi and Godhra

Conspiracy theorists see the series as a plot to undermine Modi in the eyes of the G20 nations, though both the UK and US quickly distanced themselves. British prime minister Rishi Sunak said he “did not agree with the [BBC’s] characterisation” of Mr Modi”.

(Some might link that conspiracy theory with the coincidence of the Adani group, owned by Gautam Adani, a close Modi ally and one of the world’s richest men, being accused of fraud this week by a US “short seller” financial research firm . The group, which has a current $2.4bn public share offering, have lost at least 20% of their value).

Others see the BBC series as an attempt to upset current negotiations on a long-awaited trade deal (FTA) between India and the UK, which is targeted for March, maybe in a first-stage form. A BJP spokesman has claimed it was a Pakistan plot, while others might even blame Modi’s many American critics in Washington.

Contacts I have spoken to guess there was no plot and that the series may have been pitched to the BBC by its producers who, having got the scoop of the High Commission report, argued that Godhra deserved a fresh look after Modi was exonerated last June.

India would surely be justified in complaining that the BBC abandoned balanced reporting when it commissioned what emerged as a campaigning film pegged to a 21-year old story. Some contacts suggest that the BBC Board cleared the series after India failed to respond over a considerable time to an invitation to comment. Protests are building up among the British Indian diaspora calling for action against the BBC.

Indian government officials feel that the international media do not give the country – and Modi – credit for positive developments. They argue that there is also a failure to recognise the significant generational changes taking place as the old elite typified by the Congress Party and its Gandhi dynasty are replaced by new generations with proud Hindu-oriented nationalist attitudes.

High Commissioner Vikram Doraiswamy

Little has been said openly by Indian officials, but the new high commissioner in London, Vikram Doraiswami, mounted a strong defence of the country’s “largely peaceful social transformation” when he hosted a reception in the City of London’s Guildhall on January 26 to celebrate India’s Republic Day.

In a dig seemingly directed at the BBC, he said that this transformation was taking place in a “democratic evolutionary framework and, frankly, certainly not in what some sections of the media might make you think”.

“What we Indians sometimes see passed off [in the media] as a normal India is about as accurate as for Indians to expect to see people in armour placing heads and hung-drawn-and-quartered bodies around the city of London – it is about as archaic”,

The problem of course is that, even though Modi has been toning down the communal messaging, the new nationalism is frequently reported internationally through the prism of Godhra and authoritarianism together with the problems of Muslims and other minorities.

For that view to change, a new image needs to be projected, which has not been happening this week when students have been hassled and detained for watching a BBC film.

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Posted by: John Elliott | December 24, 2022

Merry Christmas!

To all friends and followers of this blog, Seasons Greetings and All Best Wishes for 2023, with this fun painting of an imaginary aircraft by Ram Kumar Shyam, a Gond tribal artist from Patangarh village in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh

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Posted by: John Elliott | October 25, 2022

Prime Minister Sunak faces a mass of economic and other crises

First non-white PM as old colony’s offspring produce new UK leaders

Britain hopes Sunak is the strong ethical and efficient leader it needs

“Let’s see what an intelligent, young, multi cultural, economics-fluent leader can do for us,” said Nick, one of my sons who is in his 40s, when it was clear that Rishi Sunak, 42, would become Britain’s third prime minister this year, the youngest for decades, and the first non-white occupant of 10 Downing Street. Of Indian descent with a Punjabi family that emigrated first to Kenya and then the UK, Sunak is also the first Hindu prime minister – and the first to have worked for Goldman Sachs and have an MBA.

The news that he had won was officially announced at 2pm London time yesterday – 6.30pm in India where it added to the celebrations as coloured lights were lit and firecrackers noisily let off across the country to mark the big annual festival of Diwali.

As happened when Kamala Harris became America’s vice president, Sunak’s rise is seen as proof of India’s growing importance internationally. Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, tweeted “Warmest congratulations @RishiSunak!” and looked forward to strengthening India- UK relations.

Sunak became party leader last night and this morning he had a formal meeting with King Charles, who invited him to form a government as prime minister. He returned to 10 Downing Street, one door away from No 11 where he lived as Chancellor of the Exchequer for just over two years till he resigned in July, to begin appointing his cabinet.

King Charles greets Rishi Sunak to invite him to form a government

He has a massive list of urgent issues to tackle and has pledged that “there will be integrity, professionalism and accountability at every level of the government I lead”. Standing in Downing Street after meeting King Charles, he warned of “difficult decisions to come” and said “I will unite our country note with words but with action”.

Financial and economic problems include a fiscal gap of some £40bn, an approaching recession, and a cost of living crisis with inflation around 10%, the highest for 40 years. That stems from Brexit and the Ukraine war’s rising energy costs, escalated by the right-wing economic agenda of Liz Truss, the outgoing prime minister. The national health service is failing to cope with demand and the public sector is facing shortages and a spate of wage-related strikes led by railway workers that could escalate into a confrontation between the government and trade unions.

Foreign policy issues include Ukraine where Johnson and Truss (as foreign secretary) led one of the toughest responses to the Russian invasion, plus  confrontations with China. Unresolved Brexit problems include legislation challenging trade barriers that threaten stability in Northern Ireland, and there is also the looming question of Scotland’s independence.

All recent prime ministers have failed the “do for us” test mentioned at the top of this article. Both Boris Johnson and David Cameron in different ways failed because they believed too much in their (Eton-educated) leadership gifts, while Theresa May could not handle the cut and thrust of politics and diplomacy. Truss, who defeated Sunak for the prime minister’s job last month, thought she could buck the markets and public opinion with right wing tax and borrowing dreams that Sunak had correctly warned would cause economic chaos.

Those prime minister’s had spent years in politics before entering 10 Downing Street, whereas Sunak only began in 2015 when he became a member of parliament – though he was quickly spotted as a future prime minister by Cameron and others. He is therefore bringing a fresh approach, but he has much to learn about how to get the government machine to deliver on policies, and he also needs to learn how to project himself and his family.

Rishi Sunak speaking in Downing Street after meeting King Charles

As prime minister, he has to overcome the negative publicity burden of the wealth and privileges that he has enjoyed for years. He and his fashion designer wife Akshata are worth some £730m, thanks mostly to the wealth of her father, Narayana Murthy, co-founder of Infosys, one of India’s three leading IT companies.

If he was more adept at politics, Sunak would in 2015, or soon after, have cancelled the US green card that he obtained when he worked at Goldman Sachs and as a hedge fund analyst. He would also have cancelled his wife’s UK non-domicile status as an Indian citizen that saved her paying taxes totalling as much as £20m.

Personal embarrassments

Both the green card and tax became personal embarrassments earlier this year, as did a £3,500 suit he wore at a leadership meeting and his £500 Prada shoes on a construction site. He talked on television about how many types of bread his family enjoyed when many voters could not even afford one loaf, and he was building a large swimming pool in the garden of his elegant north Yorkshire country house when the plight of the poor was spreading across the country.

It looks as if he has learned from those mistakes. But he has critics among MPs and a larger proportion in the party membership, not least because he arguably triggered the mass cabinet resignations that led to Johnson’s downfall in July when he quit as chancellor of the exchequer (finance minister).

His right-wing credentials are also not as firm as some on the right would like, prompting a slanted Daily Telegraph headline last night that described him rather unfairly as “A man riddled with contradictions trying to shed his ‘slippery’ image”

The article said that “not everyone knows what he truly stands for” on issues such as Brexit, which he supported, and the free market which he moved away from with state intervention and increased corporation tax as a result of the covid pandemic.

Rishi Sunak with friends and supporters on Monday night

On policy, Sunak is strong on the economy and financial markets because of his professional background and his experience as chancellor under Johnson. He will continue with the abandonment of Truss’s policies that was started by Jeremy Hunt, who became chancellor a week ago and is expected to stay in the job. Sunak believes in low taxes and has said he would reduce the bottom rate of income tax from 20% to 16%, but only when prudent without fuelling inflation, perhaps in seven years’ time.

But he has absolutely no experience appeared on foreign policy, international relations or national security, nor on vast swathes of domestic policy ranging from the national health service and home care, to the police, and transport.

When he appeared in public debates during his contest with Truss however, he appeared as a fast-learning and efficient policy manager who was prepared to devise positive answers to problems without resorting to Truss-style popular tax cuts.

The hope now must be that he has not had to make too many promises to would-be cabinet ministers in order to obtain their support for his candidature – he eventually received nominations from 185 MPs. That success prompted his main rival Boris Johnson to withdraw two days ago followed by Penny Mordaunt, currently leader of the commons, who gave up just before the 2pm deadline yesterday.

A united cabinet

He has to balance different needs as he try have a united cabinet that has talent in the top jobs as well as representing different wings of the party and rewarding friends and allies who supported his bid to become PM.

On climate change, Sunak is likely to follow the trend set by Johnson and a pledge to bring all greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050, a target Truss might have weakened. He has said he would make the UK energy independent by 2045 with increased power from offshore wind, rooftop solar and nuclear sources and improved home insulation – a key detail many politicians forget. It remains to be seen if he lifts the blockage put by Truss on King Charles, a devoted climate change activist, attending the Cop27 summit in Egypt next month.

He could face problems with the Conservative Party’s right wing on strikes and law and order. Suella Braverman who has been a strident home secretary and backed Sunak, would want an uncompromising tough line if she kept her job. Labour unrest however will not be solved with new laws that could escalate unrest and exacerbate economic problems.

There could also be a clash over a pending India-UK trade deal where Braverman opposed easing access to the UK for Indian students and key workers. Sunak is likely to back easier access because he has said he wants to make it easier for British students to travel and for companies to work together “because it’s not just a one-way relationship, it’s a two-way relationship, and that’s the type of change I want to bring”.

Sunak’s most pressing problem is to unite the party which is riven by personal rivalries and policy differences. That will not be easy, but it is essential if it is to have any chance iof winning the next general election due in 2024. There will be calls from opposition parties for an immediate general election, but Sunak can probably ignore them if he can hold the party together to tackle what he described in his 84-second victory statement last night as “a profound economic challenge”.

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